In her final report, released Tuesday, Commissioner Marie-Josée Hogue wrote that although she has seen a few cases where a foreign state has attempted to curry favour with parliamentarians, “the phenomenon remains marginal and largely ineffective.”

“While the states’ attempts are troubling and there is some concerning conduct by parliamentarians, there is no cause for widespread alarm,” she wrote.

She added that there is no evidence to suggest that parliamentarians owe their successful elections to foreign entities and she is “not aware of any federal legislation, regulations or policies that have been enacted or repealed on account of foreign interference.”